至少对于某些由模糊的语言组成的具有开放性的宪法规范而言,原旨主义所追求的宪法解释的客观性是不可得的。因此,宪法解释的创造性,也即法官造法不可避免。比如霍姆斯认为,毫无疑问,法官可以且必须立法; 马歇尔认为,我们正在阐释的是一部宪法; 斯卡利亚也承认法官是真的在造法。 伽达默尔认为理解不只是一种复制的行为,而始终是一种创造性的行为。{32}(P380)而关于解释问题,确切而言即关于解释在法律中的作用问题,学界已经形成一种共识:理解即是解释,确切而言,即法律的每一次适用都需要一种法律的解释。{31}(P14)据此,宪法解释就是对宪法文本的理解,而这种理解不只是一种对制宪者的意图或者宪法文本的意义的一种复制行为,而始终是一种创造性的行为。从这个意义上,我们可以说所有的宪法解释活动都具有一定的创造性。另一种意义上的宪法解释的创造性的是指一个创造新规则或者改变旧有规则的过程。最高法院在宪法案件中对遵守先例原则的背弃是宪法解释具有创造性的一个典型例子。现任大法官安东尼·肯尼迪(Anthony. Kennedy)在Patterson v. Mclean Credit Union一案的法院意见中指出,我们的先例并不是神圣不可侵犯的,当必要性和适当性建立的时候,我们就会推翻之前的决定。无论如何,我们认为,任何对遵守先例原则的背离都需要特别的正当性理由。由此可见,只要最高法院认为先例需要被推翻,那么他们就可以推翻先例。换言之,某些情形下,最高法院在解释宪法的过程中,追求的不是宪法解释的客观性,而是创造性,这也就宣告了原旨主义作为唯一具有民主合法性和可行性的宪法解释方法的失败。当然原旨主义并非毫无意义,它可以作为宪法解释的起点。当我们批判某件事情或者某种制度时,我们必须首先知道这件事情是什么或者这项制度最初的设计是什么。由此,我们可以得出结论,原旨主义可以作为宪法解释的起点而非终点。
【作者简介】
马洪伦,山东大学法学院2009级宪法学与行政法学专业博士研究生。
【注释】 参见范进学:《美国宪法解释方法论之辩思》,《现代法学》2006年第5期,第40页;侯学宾:《美国宪法解释中的原旨主义——一种学术史的考察》,《法制与社会发展》2008年第5期,第130页;张翔:《美国宪法解释理论中的原旨主义》,《山东社会科学》2005年第7期,第17页。
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